Although they are cheap alternatives, they do not provide an accurate representation of the organs and tissues that are manipulated. It does not reduce the need for tutors to train and assess in-situ. Lack objective skills assessment tools that track data for surgeons to improve on. It is also unscalable, given that the more surgeons are trained the more animals are needed. It is a costly procedure given today’s laws which require the presence of a certified vet and the usage of anesthetics. It has been condemned because of the ethics of keeping an animal alive just to continue opening it and extracting different organs, only for them to be euthanized after the surgical workshops are completed. Moreover, there are problems of supply, ethics and usage. Surgeons have raised questions about establishing pneumoperitoneum, the changes in color, strength and fragility of organs and tissues prior to dissecting and the difference in operative experience. It has been criticized for its ineffectivity given the current preservation method of embalming with formalin. Surgeons train their skills with cadavers, animals, and simulators. While it would be ideal to train laparoscopic skills in an operating room, the operating room’s minute cost and public demand deem this an impossibility.
Laparoscopic training is associated with a high learning curve, requiring much training. These skills include eye-hand coordination, transferring the two-dimensional video image to a three-dimensional workspace, working with kinematic restrictions imposed by the instruments, minimal tactile feedback and the fulcrum effect. Yet, laparoscopic surgery is technically demanding and requires ambidexterity, specific psychomotor skills and abilities that differ from those of conventional surgery. This minimally invasive surgical technique consists of inserting trochars into the abdomen through small incisions to remove a damaged organ or a sample of tissue for biopsy. Laparoscopic surgeries entail fewer complications, less pain, and quicker recovery time. Laparoscopy has been on the rise, in the past decade, as a safer alternative to open surgery. Why are laparoscopic surgeries trained with VR? Laparoscopic surgery
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